Stem Cells Essay Example For Students

Financial Crisis in Asia essays

Money related Crisis in Asia articles Have you at any point been in a circumstance where you were low money and owing debtors? All things considered, I realize I have. I recall one time when I had spent the entirety of my cash for the month, and owed, simultaneously, my sister ten dollars. Kid, that was unadulterated hellfire. You cant purchase anything, and you have a feeling that you have no power over anything. Indeed, envision a whole mainland in a money related groove. That is the thing that is as of now going on in Asia. This problem is known as the Asian Financial Crisis. Presently, what precisely is the Asian Financial Crisis? Indeed, it is the present unevenness of Asias economy. While a few regions are doing incredible, most territories are poor and monetarily unsteady . Cash esteem has gone down radically, the financial exchange is at an record-breaking low, and individuals everywhere throughout the mainland are dreading for their prospects. The United Nations certainly ought to engage in this emergency. They ought to have been increasingly engaged with global crediting, which would have helped, if not forestalled the obligation Asia is in now. They additionally ought to have ensured that the cash rate remained stable the second the securities exchange started to drop. Maybe, if the UN was increasingly engaged with Asias monetary issues this emergency would not be in this condition of disaster. (There were numerous things that caused the Asian Financial Crisis. One of them would need to be abroad getting. It is important to get that if the nation is obtaining from the remainder of the earth its outside obligation will develop after some time. Hence, streams (things on pay and income articulations) convert into changes in stocks (asset report things, similar to family fortune, the supply of capital, government obligation, and net outside obligation). In this way, at long last, Asian nations acquired excessively, and were cautious as well little. Organizations in the most exceedingly awful hit nations, South Korea, Indonesia and Thailand, acquired limitless entireties of cash as their economies blasted. T Even more terrible, they obtained a lot of it in U... <!

7 Big Logo Trends for 2019

7 Big Logo Trends for 2019 A logo is a representation of a brands aesthetics and values. Its an opportunity for the designer to express what the brand is and what it stands forâ€"and be convincing. Logos must be powerful and they must provide enough conscious and subconscious information to be remembered.Designing a logo is not an easy task. Graphic designers and companies make use of design tricks, advertising tips and color psychology to ensure theyll come up with a truly memorable logo that will call to action. Existing logos need to be updated over time and adapt to the companys current need and aesthetics. In fact, most powerful logos have been redesigned at least once to ensure they will remain fresh and relevant. A successful logo will represent the brands core values adapted for a current audience, and that would mean being in touch with most modern big logo trends. From minimal logos to elegant typography and artistic vibes, here, we look closely at the seven biggest logo trends for 2019.A successful logo will represent the brands core values adapted for a current audience, as well as be in touch with most modern big logo trends. Photo by Roman Pohorecki from Pexels.The power of GeometryAll geometric shapes are deeply symbolic and semantically charged. The meaning of each shape is instantly recognizable in a logo that relies on its simple lines and geometry. A square or a circle is a representation of structure and order while a simple line could be one of continuity. For 2019, geometric logos are conceived in bright, warm color palettes that appear more attractive to the eye. Zendesks or Alos fresh logos are two of the best examples in this category. Mix bold geometric shapes with colorful palettes. Clean and minimal but strong, suggests designer Claudia C, in TheLogoCreative, Its all about giving life to something people having seen a lot of already.Bright colorsColors enhance emotions and create emotional responses, and its no surprise they remain a strong trend for 2019 logo designs. Bright colors are taking the lead and can be adapted to several kinds of brands that want to communicate their optimism and positivity. This is a design trend that works well when combined with other trends mentioned here, particularly with geometric logos and gradients.Bright colors are a trend that can be spotted in all creative fields, from fashion to graphic design, as part of an overall 80s comeback that took design by storm. Combined with gradients such in the new ProTools logo, they communicate a sense of youthfulness and positivity to a Millennial or Gen Z audiences.MinimalismMinimalism is a trend that has been around for years but for 2019, it comes up stronger than ever. A clean, simple logo looks powerful and elegantâ€"two core values that most brands are eager to communicate. Major brands have been redesigning their existing logos by removing all detail, sometimes to the point of a single sans serif, as seen in Saint Laurent and Burberry. Simple, clean lines; n o decorative elements; and a strong font make for powerful, minimal logos that work well across media. In fact, one of minimalisms greatest qualities when it comes to logos is that it looks equally strong on social media, packaging and promotional material without the need for redesigning.This years minimalism is more an art of fine lines and basic graphic elements that elevate the brand. Minimalism is less a style than a weapon; clearing away noise so a message shines through, clean and naked, says 99designer Ian Douglas. A minimal logo shows that the brand is focusing on its core values and qualities, making basic shapes stand out for their own.Gradient logosGradient logos are a relatively fresh trend that was fueled further when chosen by mega brands such as Instagram. They are fresh, eye-catching and can elevate a simple logo to a visually stimulating experience. While some may think gradients are a rather simplistic choice, the trend goes strong in 2019, with bright colors and interesting combinations, as in Apples new logo.The new gradient logos make use of fresh color palettes to convey the brands youthfulness and optimism. Shocking pinks and electric blues are some of the colors of choice for powerful gradients that stand out, as in the new Firefox logo.Hand-drawn logosSometimes it just takes more than simple industrial design to communicate a brands flair and values. Enter hand-drawn logos, a 2019 trend that allows full use of a designers creativity to create a unique message. The list of the tools that can be used to create a hand- drawn logo is endless, from traditional gouache to watercolors and pencil drawing, all work well.Handwritten lettering is a visually similar logo trend that is also going strong for 2019.This is a logo choice that communicates a brands personality and artistic flair. The new Kune Handmade logo is a great example of a watercolor feel while the Lolas Beauty Bar is a great example of handwritten lettering use. Eddie Lobanovsk iy from Unfold also believes that people are tired of looking at busy things. Thus, a hand-drawn logo with plenty of white space is the perfect antidote.Hand-written lettering is a logo trend that is also going strong for 2019, communicating a brands personality and artistic flair. Photo by Ovan from Pexels.Three-dimensional logosMaking your logo three dimensional is a great idea to make it stand out from the crowd. In fact, three-dimensional logos are a huge trend in design right now, with many brands following it. This is the season for strong, semi-flat logos that appear to have been lifted out of the page and into space. Logo designers use various techniques to achieve a 3D effectâ€"clever design, gradients and use of negative spaces are just some of them. The new Gmail logo is a successful adaptation of the semi-flat technique to create a strong, memorable logo that can stand out even when used online. Three-dimensional designs are also very powerful when combined with geometri c designs, producing a feel of elegance and uniqueness about the brand.Shapeshifting logosVariable logos are the hottest trend right now, with many brands opting for designs that can be responsive and adjust in several environments and uses. These several variables allow the brand to customize its logo to serve different purposes in different settings, online and offline. These logos are powerful, dynamic and generally fall into one of three sub-categories:Generative logosâ€"Those are the logos that are designed to change as the designer has incorporated a certain algorithm to pre-decide when and how they will vary. They can look really impressive and can evolve the brands story even further.Responsive logosâ€"Logos that can adapt to appearing great on every deviceâ€"be it a mobile phone, a desktop or a tablet. In essence, all major brands, such as Chanel, are actually investing in responsive logos. Those logos can also vary contextually when used for packaging.Variable logosâ€"Thes e logos change from campaign to campaign. In fact, the logo designer creates a basic logo as a canvas and then differentiates it in terms of design details or colors, with each variation promoting a different element or service.Vertical logosVertical logos require a letter-stacking format that looks extremely interesting and eye-catchy. Its no wonder then that vertical logos were a strong design trend for 2018 and continues to be in 2019. In elegant and complicated arrangements, vertical logos often incorporate graphic details such as contrasting colors and symbols in a clean, columned structure. Their weakest point? Its difficult to appear equally good and become truly versatile when the digital environment shifts, so they may need some redesigning.Heraldic emblemsSome brands are all about tradition and heritage, and they need to communicate those values in a strong and recognizable logo that catches the eye. The idea of using emblems and coats of arms in still going strong in 2019 and may be the perfect choice for heritage brands. From traditional wine brands to educational institutions and from apparel companies to eateriesâ€"heraldic emblems are the safe yet stylish choice for quality with a history.Metallic logo designsNot long ago, metallic logo designs were considered fit only for jewelry retailers and sometimes beauty brands. In 2019, many brands seem to take advantage of the aesthetic value of metallics and the sense of high-class coolness they offer to a brand. In clean cut or more elaborate designs, silver or rarely gold metallic logos are the epitome of modern chic, as they look great with even the simplest design. In simple lines and combined with the new geometry design trends, silvers and golds make all brand logos stand out.Illustration-inspired logosSometimes you need a logo to illustrate the hyped, playful side of a brand, as well as showcase the actual service offered at one. Enter illustration-inspired logos and funky designs that replace s ome of the logos letters. This is a trend that looks fun and catches the eye. Still, it requires exquisite design skills, as the illustration needs to be properly placed in the logo and always reminisce of the letters missing. A heart design for an M or a pair of glasses for a double o are just some of 2019s best illustrated logos so far, with more predicted to come.

A Review On The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7 Deaza 2

Throughout the history of humanity, different types of killer diseases occurred. Despite the severity of these diseases people always sought ways to alleviating them. Many of these epidemic diseases occurred as a result of pollution or changes in the environment. Recently, there have been the emergence of the most dangerous and killer diseases, many of them are infectious through different ways. Some of the most popular include HIV/AIDS, Ebola among others. However, while researchers and governments were struggling to alleviate and fight against HIV/AIDS there emerged a new form of viral disease that terrified the entire population of the planet. ZIKA virus is an emerging killer disease that has symptoms similar to a very mild dengue fever. This paper therefore is a review of an article entitled â€Å"The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7-Deaza-2’-C-Methyladenosine Is a Potent Inhibitor of In Vitro Zika Virus Replication and Delays Disease Progression in a Robust Mouse Infection M odel†. The paper is intended to highlight the key problem of the research and approach used to address it.After the paper will conduct a SWOT analysis of the approach suggested by the study to address the research question. Summary of the research in the primary article This article discusses the causes and characteristics of ZIKA viral disease. The main focus of the article is on the identification of ZIKV inhibitors and demonstration of the efficiency of the viral polymerase inhibitorShow MoreRelatedHiv / Aids : A New Form Of Viral Disease1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand governments were struggling to alleviate and fight against HIV/AIDS there emerged a new form of viral disease that terrified the entire population of the planet. ZIKA virus is an emerging killer disease that has symptoms similar to a very mild dengue fever. This paper therefore is a review of an article entitled â€Å"The Viral Polymerase Inhibitor 7-Deaza-2’-C-Methyladenosine Is a Potent Inhibitor of In Vitro Zika Virus Replication and Delays Disease Progression in a Robust Mouse Infection Model†

Analysis Of The Movie Remember The Titans - 1728 Words

Question 1: Personal power is when one impacts another person or group of people through their actions and behaviour. This is depicted in Coach Herman Boone as he uses his power as coach to teach the ‘white team’ and ‘coloured team’ to work together to create the perfect team. It is also seen when Louie Lastik sat with the people with coloured skin at lunch instead of with the people with ‘white skin’. Social power is when a group of people have are more dominant or have a higher status from something. In the movie Remember the titans, the people with white skin have more social power at the beginning as they are considered better than people with coloured skin. Institutional power is when individuals have more power than others from their experience and knowledge. Institutional power is portrayed through the two coaches (Boone and Yoast) as they have more power than the students since they have studied and finished. Question 2: Belonging is the ability to feel wanted and included in a group, team or with other people. It is imperative that the younger generation understand the concept of belonging as it will help them find themselves as they grow. Personally, I had difficulty finding friends that I felt comfortable with in primary school. However, after entering high school and finding an amazing group of people who accept and understand me, both my emotional and mental well-being has improved greatly. Belonging is a vital component to have to ensure a positive well-being.Show MoreRelatedRemember The Titans : Movie Analysis1370 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The movie Remember the Titans, focus on family assessment with an emphasis on family values, socialization, healthcare beliefs, and adaptation on how family solves problems. Also, family processes by way of adjustment in a newly ethnic integrated community surrounding sociocultural, environment and roles in the community. The analysis of Remember the Titans is surrounded by the main character Coach Herman Boone, his wife and two daughters including family values and adaptation. Movie SettingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Remember The Titans 1113 Words   |  5 PagesMovie project â€Å"Remember the titans† was a movie that was released on September 23, 2000. The movie was directed by Boaz Yakin. The movie includes famous stars such as Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone, Will Patton as Coach Bill Yoast, and Wood Harris as Julius `Big Ju . The movie takes place in Alexandria, Virginia. The schools in Alexandria were segregated based on race. It was in 1971 when the school board forced the people to combine the white schools and the black schools in to one calledRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Remember The Titans 1372 Words   |  6 Pages Remember The Titans Leading in Diverse Groups and Teams National University Jacquelyn London  Abstract This paper will examine the motion picture that was released in 2000, a film named Remember the Titans. The film takes two different groups of peoples, that hates each other to come together and win the league title. The different types of factors that affected the team will be explored in this paper and how a coach takes a team from nothing to winning the league title. The performanceRead MoreMovie Analysis : Remember The Titans1864 Words   |  8 PagesWhen watching any movie, it is important to know the accuracy of the details that are in said movie. The movie that I watched in particular was Remember the Titans, a motivational film made in 2000 based on the true story of a Virginia football team. In the movie, two high schools in Virginia in 1971, one black and one white, combined to form the senior high school known as T.C Williams. This meant that the two football teams had to combine too, under the command of Coach Herman Boone and Coach BillRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Re member The Titans Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior, and on how they deal with a situation and make the best decision that they could. These factors also affect how someone can deal and create a harmony and relationship with others despite of racial and demographic differences. In the film Remember the Titans, directed by Boaz Yakin, it illustrates the unity and teamwork of a football team regardless of every player’s race. When differences are set aside and people will work together, everything will work out as planned. This motion picture tellsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Remember The Titans 1538 Words   |  7 PagesRemember the Titans is a classic movie about one black-populated high school and one white-populated high school who are forced to integrate into one school/football team in a suburban town in Virginia in 1971. Neither races are obliging to this rash decision being enforced but there was nothing to be done about it. The 70’s were a very dif ficult time to be a minority especially for African Americans, which is what led to many problems and struggles not only throughout the school, but specificallyRead MoreRemember The Titans Film Analysis1202 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Analysis Paper: Remember the Titans This paper will analyze the film Remember the Titans through a social psychological perspective using principles that are depicted throughout the film. This film takes place in Virginia during the segregation years. One African American coach is picked to be head coach at a school in the suburbs. His team is forced to play with another team that is all white males. Both coaches and players have to go through many difficult trials and tribulations. At firstRead MoreEssay On Dead Poets Society1300 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup (Cherry, 2017).† This type of leadership style was also perceived by virtue of the aloof style in which Lumberg demands Peter to come into work on his day off, as insinuated earlier. In view of this, we will now go ahead and Remember the Titans. Remember the Titans (Transformational Model) â€Å"The inspired leaders and the inspired organizations – regardless of their size, regardless of their industry – all think, act and communicate from the inside and out (TED, 2010).† The essence of the aforementionedRead MoreRemember the Titans2312 Words   |  10 PagesVelez Elizabeth Hughes Paul Way EDUC 268 Remember the Titans - Five Step Analysis Plot Summary In April of 1971, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling that ended all stateimposed segregation in public schools. This was the same year that T. C. Williams High School located in Alexander Virginia was integrated. This is the setting for the movie Remember the Titans, staring Denzel Washington who portrays Herman Boone the head coach of the Titans. Herman Boone is brought in as an assistantRead MoreLeadership Analysis of Remember the Titans3056 Words   |  13 PagesRemember the Titans Titans: 1 Remember the Titians Leadership Analysis Scott W. Manchester LDR 6100 Feb/06/2011 Remember the Titans Titans: 2 Remember the Titians was set during a racially charged time in Virginian history This movie is one of those rare films that successfully brings together several issues of life, sexuality, racism and struggle with the will to succeed. The movie begins in July 1971 amid racial tensions at T .C Williams High School. It is

Garments Industry Pakistan Cometitiveness Free Essays

string(111) " the most important sector of the economy contributing 67% to export earnings and engaging 35% of labor force\." First of all we would like to thank Almighty Allah.We would also like to thank Ms. Khadija Bari, Zahid Aslam – Managing Director BABRI, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Garments Industry Pakistan Cometitiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amir Iqbal- Production manager of UNIBRO Textiles, Mr. Ikhtiar Baig- Federal Advisor to PM of Textile, Mr. Mushtaq Vora – ex-Chairman APTMA, Mr. Jawed Bilwani – Chairman PHMA, Mr. Zaheeer A. Hussain – CEO Textile City and Mr. Dawood Zakhura – member of central committee PRGMEA for their valuable help in making this report possible. We greatly appreciate the help. Garments Industry: A Global Perspective Textile and Garment can be taken as relatives performing in the same fraternity. Both industries depend on each other however one main difference between these two sibling industries arises at the very grass root level. Textile is more capital-intensive that is it require huge injections of finance and technology while the garments side is more labor-intensive and depends on human resource making it cheaper of the two options (strictly in the case of developing countries where labor is cheaper than machinery). The market for these two industries is colossal, thanks to the basic human necessity of hiding bare bodies.Global garment exports are valued at $ 310 billion and top 15 clothing exporters account for 80% of the exports. EU is the biggest exporter while China is second biggest exporter. Global Trends in Garments Geographical shift: Till 2004, there was an international treaty called Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) which had placed quota restrictions and textiles and garments manufacturers among WTO members. On January 1 2005, MFA expired and ended restrictions which had been placed for almost four decades. The main impact of MFA was on the exports from low-cost countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh to regions like EU and US. After the abolition, new doors of business were opened to these low-cost countries and China led the way in grabbing market share internationally. Lean Retailing: In this day and age, those retailers are considered smart retailers who focus on selling the garments only while depending on the suppliers for rest of the supply chain activities and such a retailer is called ‘Lean Retailer’.This has forced to suppliers to offer a complete package to the retailers which include both the upstream and downstream services. Retailers have adopted methods which have eliminating the need for agents and hence, they deal directly with manufacturers who are required by the company to provide a range of other activities than was traditionally expected of them. In some cases, garment manufacturers may even be asked to track the stock of retailers and arrange for replenishment when need be. This might require them to use advanced technologies such as RFID. This poses a major challenge for Pakistani manufacturers as their know-how is not this advanced that they employ modern technologies to coordinate their activities with huge retailers. Speed-to-market: Like all industries, garments industry too has become very fast. There was a time when retailers placed orders way before the season started. But now with the help of technologies such as RFID and Barcode, they have adopted practices like Just-In-Time inventory. This trend has put a lot of pressure on the suppliers who have to supply goods fast and irregularly.The supply chain must be highly integrated in terms of information and efficiency, while often being geographically highly disintegrated Garments Industry: A Pakistani Perspective Pakistan primarily depends on its Textile Industry to churn majority of revenues earned. Garments industry provides highest value addition in textile sector- increasing revenue internationally. Pakistan in addition also gets income tax exemption and duty-free imports to further buttress the thriving temperament of local industries. Textile Industry is a darling for Pakistan manufacturers since it demands small units of input in terms of machines, workers and output.Exports in Pakistan comprise of various kinds of garments for men, women, boys such as plain/embroidered/printed dresses, blouses, shirts, skirts, night dresses, track suits, trousers, sub-dresses etc (cotton fabric and synthetic fiber). The garment industry generally operates on a small and unorganized scale. One of the main reasons behind this is the fact that small-scale garment industries become a source of income for myriad number of men and women; facing creative damper due to mobility issues in the northern part of Pakistan.The small units do not usually have modern equipment nor do they require strenuous creative effort. However, like every accounting transactions Garments Industry comes with its share o f cons. Our garments are inferior in quality in comparison with garments from India, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines and Sri-Lanka and suffer rejection when it comes to competing with high-quality goods. These countries although most definitely of developing fashion have an edge over Pakistan because of their readily available and cheaper human and technological resources.Quite evident is the fact that garment industries require a large labor pool functioning at all times. So even if Pakistan’s labor cost 23 cents/hour higher than all these countries multiply this amount by say 200 hours and you can see that a displeasing amount is being over spent on labor. Pakistan is crippled when it comes to cutting costs as further cost reduction would mean probable low quality products which obviously would strike Pakistan back on its face. Already Pakistan is not a strong player in the international market and further quality regression might jeopardize Pakistan’s entry in the int ernational cloth market.Current Scenario 1) Current scenario of the Garment industry in general 2) Garment Production Vs Yarn production 3) Increased demand for Eco-friendly products 4) Textile Engineering Industry According to the latest global competitiveness report, Pakistan failed to improve significantly on any of the basic determinants of its competitiveness. It was ranked 104 in institution, 89 in infrastructure, 114 in macroeconomic stability and 118 in basic and higher education. – Rising cost of production – Energy shortage – Weak Global demand – Lack of competitivenessRemained the reasons for the poor performance of the country’s biggest export revenue generating sector. Production of cloth Pakistan textile sector is by far the most important sector of the economy contributing 67% to export earnings and engaging 35% of labor force. You read "Garments Industry Pakistan Cometitiveness" in category "Papers" Due to its unprecedented contribution to Pakistan’s economic institutions, the Textile Industry receives a considerable amount of revenues earned in the form of capital investment. There are hundreds of factories, having high-speed rotary textile printing and processing machines.However, most of the leading units working on high tech  machines are owned by big industrial and commercial car tels. These big groups or more infamously known as sharks have taken up ownership and have formed a perverse monopoly. Their joint threshold becomes the basic hindrance in the way of small companies entering and thriving into this segment of the market. According to the estimates, textile finishing industry is embrace almost 731 units. The weaving and made-up sectors have three different sub-sectors integrated, independent weaving units and power loom sector.Cloth is being produced in both mill and non-mill sectors. Pakistan’s fabric range from coarse to super varieties, with coarse and medium varieties consumed locally by those who not wish to or afford to buy high-quality and expensive varieties. The use of colored cotton being unique and attractive has the potential to become a part of cotton fabric and apparel market, but there are some limitations to it. The natural colored cotton is low in yield usually short staple and weaker in strength. For its impotency colored cotton falls just a mile short from being the hero in Pakistani market.There are a large number of vertically integrated units, where production is controlled from fibre to the end product, and marketed abroad directly. Production of cloth increased at an average of 5% per year from 2004-05 to 2008-09. Out of total production of 1,017 million sq. meters cloth during 2008-09 in mill sector, 57% produced in grey form, 30% dyed and printed, and 13% blended and bleached. |Table 1 : Production of Cloth | |Year |Production (Million. q mtrs. ) | |1999-00 |437. 2 | |2000-01 |490. 2 | |2001-02 |568. 4 | |2002-03 |576. 6 | |2003-04 |683. 4 | |2004-05 |920. 7 | |2005-06 |915. | |2006-07 |1,012. 9 | |2007-08 |1,016. 4 | |2008-09 |1,071. 0 | |  Ã‚  Source: Textile Commissioner’s Organization Government   | |   of Pakistan. | Import of machinery The production capacity is being utilized to its optimum levels in Pakistan. The country has spent $ 7 billion for the sake of higher value addition and innovation in the textile sector.Import of textile printing and finishing machines saw a decline of around eighty per-cent from 2005- 2010. Import of textile printing and finishing machinery into Pakistan is given in Table 2 : |Table 2: Import of Textile Finishing Machines   | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Rs. in Million) | |Machines | Export of fabrics per-cent of the total world’s exports is covered by the Textile industries. Such is the importance of this industry as many countries heavily depend on it for foreign exchange and creating employment. It is even more important for many underdeveloped as well as the developing countries which are highly dependent on this sector which holds up to 90 per-cent of their exports and provides employment to up to 50 per-cent of the population By those statistics one can easily understand what major rol e is the Textile industry playing in helping people prevent poverty and joblessness.Currently Pakistan is in dire need of as many industries as possible to accommodate workers and jobs- This would help in bridging the gap between the various income levels and classes existing at present. Cotton and blended fabrics and synthetic and artificial fabrics, can be safely said to be the two broad categories globally in woven fabrics. Asia is fast emerging as major source of exports, especially of textiles, to the USA, EU and other countries of the world. Pakistan has emerged as one of the major cotton textile product suppliers in the world market.However, India, Bangladesh and China are giving such a tough competition to Pakistan that our textile products are fast losing their value in the global market. The advantage that these countries have over Pakistan is their low labor cost and better technology. The situation is somewhat tricky for Pakistan which is not in the position of bringing down its labor/energy cost as that would mean compromising on the product quality- the country for sure is not in the position to afford anymore bad name in the global market. Export of cotton fabrics from Pakistan is given in Table-4. Table 4: Export of Cotton Fabrics | |Year |Quantity   |Value   |Average | | |(Million sq. meters) |(US$ Million) |($ sq. Meter) | |1999-00 |1,575 |1,096 |0. 71 | |2000-01 |1,736 |1,035 |0. 0 | |2001-02 |1,957 |1,133 |0. 58 | |2002-03 |2,036 |1,346 |0. 66 | |2003-04 |2,409 |1,711 |0. 71 | |2004-05 |2,399 |1,863 |0. 78 | |2005-06 |2,634 |2,108 |0. 0 | |2006-07 |2,211 |2,026 |0. 90 | |2007-08 |2,035 |2,010 |0. 99 | |2008-09 |1,882 |1,929 |1. 02 | |   Source: Export Promotion Bureau, Government of Pakistan. | Major buyers of Pakistani fabric are USA, Belgium, Sri lanka, Spain, Turkey and Bangladesh. Major chunk of Pakistani fabrics’ export comprises of the nprocessed form (which makes up to 40% of the exports)- and this results in low unit value realization. 2. The yarn makers of Pakistan are at dispute with the downward processors of the country. The government out a quota on the yarn exports from the country; however this restriction has brought no good to the cotton prices which remain being high as ever and the local yarn users are still perplexed about the situation. To add fuel t the fire the petroleum prices have risen up to touch the sky and this situation is doing no good to the already adverse textile industry of Pakistan..As it is the recent inflation and the energy prices have brought down the value of Pakistani products in the eyes of the International buyers. Pakistan’s textile exports in 2007-08 were $10. 59 billion and they dropped down to $9. 95 billion in 2008-09. The obvious reasons for this dip are the political turmoil, more than frequent power outages and the much better performance by the world market. FLIGHT TO BANGLADESH While a number of textile businesses are shifting to Bangladesh, many have already made their move because of the severe cotton crisis here.And by no means it is an unethical or a wrong decision because businesses need to survive and therefore they will make decisions that are beneficial for them. A UNDP report suggests that Bangladesh despite being a non-cotton producer is doing fairly well as compared to Pakistan which is a cotton producer. It lists down a number of reasons for the situation. Labor cost in Bangladesh is way too low than that in Pakistan- being 23 cents/hour in the former country and 41 cents/hour in the latter. Similarly, energy cost in Pakistan too touches the sky when compared to Bangladesh (6. 2 cents/kwh versus 2 cents/kwh- figures from year 2007). And the disparity between the costs is likely to increase with time- owing to sheer lack of competitiveness. Until Pakistan finds a solution for its high labor and energy costs along with poor exports and low sales, things are likely to remain the same. 3. As people are getting more and more aware of their surrounding environment; they are beginning to prefer products and services that cause least or no harm to the mother earth. This trend of eco-friendly products as moved on to the apparel industry as well. Import of organic chemicals With time as people realized the negative effects of the synthetic chemicals and dyes, a new trend emerged as everyone shifted to used natural colors and dyes. The shift is due to many advantages of the latter- natural dyes as the name suggests are chemical free thus non-toxic; this makes them highly environmental friendly which makes them comparatively harmless. In addition, the textile industry has also welcomed the usage of renewable resources because of their obvious advantages.The Table below showcases the increasing import of the organic chemicals in Pakistan (over the years): |Table 3: Import of Organic Chemicals | |Year |Value Million US $ | |2006-07 |1,330 | |2007-08 |1,687 | |2008-09 |1,557 | |   Source: State Bank of Pakistan. 4. Perhaps one of the most undersized sectors of the country is the Pakistan Textile Engineering Sector. Largely, it serves the cottage industries of the country- that comprise of most of the businesses in the Textile i ndustry of Pakistan. If the entire Textile industry is broken down we will find that only five per-cent share goes to the large Engineering units, compared to which a huge eight per-cent is comprised of the small industry units and medium units take around fifteen per-cent. And the mentioned five per-cent fall in the public sector.An analysis of all these industrial units show that a small minority of all these businesses have facilities catering to Quality Control of their products and services and very few work according to the Engineering drawings. As per one of the surveys the Textile industry of Pakistan consumes around fifty thousand skilled force in its five hundred units. Despite the current conditions, the industry gets a decent monetary support from the government of Pakistan. And the sector plays some role in xporting products to the neighboring countries (for example Bangladesh and Iran) as well as some other countries like Sri Lanka. One of the major burdens on the Textile Engineering secto r is the imposition of heavy taxes in various spheres- be it importing machinery and/or machinery components or buying raw material. Competition The present Textile Engineering Industry is up against competition from smuggled, undersized components, parts and accessories. Let’s take an example of the second hand machinery- there’s an absolute absence of any sort of check and balance.To add, people are generally competing to get as low prices as possible. Hence the justification of using the machinery and equipments, from China or Taiwan- low quality being accepted and appreciated by people just because they come in low prices. Such an attitude of resorting to cheap prices is giving an abhorrent effect on the global competition. Therefore a revolutionary change in the environment is a much needed step currently to help kick start a much better standard of competition (in terms of serving quality). Application of Porter’s Diamond Model: Factor Conditions:As discussed earlier, Michael Porter, in his diamond model, divided the factor conditions into two subgroups which are the basic and advanced factors. He suggested that basing competitive advantage solely on basic factors is not sustainable in long term which is exactly the case with the garment industry. We had sufficient basic factors to start this industry at the time of independence but we did not build up those factors to an advanced level and hence face threats in garments sector from other nations. LABOR Garment industry is more of a labor intensive industry in nature and Pakistan as One of the cheapest labors cost per hour as compared to our other competitors like China and Indonesia in this sector. This fact would have provided us with a great competitive edge had the productivity of our worker been not very low. The major issue with labor force in this industry is that it is not skilled. It nullifies the advantage we had in terms of cheap labor since we have to hire more labor or take more hours of work from them due to their low productivity. A little effort has been made on part of government to educate and train these employees to improve the level of skill and productivity of these workers. Recently, the Knitwear and Sweaters Export Association began a training program for men and women working within the industry to teach basic techniques as well as advanced machine operation. However, such training courses are not generally available, and even this course can train only 30 individuals at a time in an industry that employs more than 100,000. Another problem which confronts manufacturers is the attitude of the labor force. Most manufacturers find that their workers have a â€Å"careless† attitude toward the quality of the final product. A little training which is provided is by the company itself.Countries which joined this industry after us are now posing threats to us and one of the reasons for that is their skilled labor. RAW MATERIAL The basic raw material for garments is cotton, silk and wool which are easily available in our country. Pakistan produces around 8 to 10 per cent of the world’s cotton but its share in total world trade for textile and clothing is around 2 per cent in value terms. The nature of our cotton is short and medium staple which is not suitable for the production of better cloth. The cotton, when picked, is put in jute bags which add impurity.This, in extension, affects dying process. The quality of yarn allows us to only produce grey cloth which limits our international market since we cannot perform piece dying on grey cloth. Hence we also import raw material from USA and Egyptian cotton from Egypt. Proper education and government intervention can help improve the quality of raw material which is produced which will expand our international and domestic market and help in the process of competitiveness. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environmental factors have also affected the production and competitiveness in the market and export performance as a whole.The National and Provincial Assembly elections, load-shedding, floods and law and order situation are factors which have also contributed significantly to adverse performance of the industry and of exports. MACHINERY Up to date and latest machinery plays key role in efficient productivity in an industry and in extension helping it become competitive in the international market. Although garment industry has been developing since its inception, the indigenous manufacturing of its machinery could not develop along with its growth.Resultantly, the demand for machinery is still entirely met through global imports. We import machinery from Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium and China. It increases our freight cost and fixed cost of production which results in loss of global competitiveness. Some companies also import machinery and equipment from Faisalabad which is also very old. The machinery which we have in our garment sector is very obsolete. It consumes a lot of fuel and gives a low productivity. This area is rather neglected by the government as compared to the spinning sector which has good machinery.Import of textile machinery in Pakistan registered an impressive growth of 66. 29% in the fiscal year 2004-2005. Taiwan’s exports of textile machinery to Pakistan have also seen a substantial increase in recent years. Moreover, as per the estimates of TAMI (Taiwan Association of Machinery Industry), the export figures on textile machinery from Taiwan to Pakistan in the year 2002-04 placed Pakistan on the 9th position in terms of total value but a very little part of these imports was for garments sector.Value addition is very important in garments to become and remain competitive and latest machinery and equipment plays an important role in this regard. R;D Pakistan spends less than one percent of its total budget on R;D and a very few percentage of this amount is allocated for garments. All the R;D which is done by the government is focused on cost competitiveness rather than improving quality and innovation. A few plans for R;D have been made from the side of government which is there on paper, but due to corruption and lack of interest, these plans could not be implemented.One other reason which keeps companies to research and work on new products is the absence of local demand for such new pr oducts. The companies do not come up with new and different products because there is no local demand for it. As a result of this, we lack innovation which is needed for competitiveness. Land, location, natural resources and labor are some basic factors which are God gifted to us in this sector. But industrial growth and base for competitiveness has hardly been built on these inherited factors.In order to remain competitive, a country has to convert these basic factors into advanced; the ones which are difficult to imitate by other nations. Stock of factors at a point in time is important than the rate at which they are upgraded and deployed and hence development of basic factors into advanced is important. We have however failed to do so throughout 60 years. We had basic resources but we did not convert them into advanced factors. We did not spend on educating and training our labor which affected the productivity of workforce. Lack of knowledge also harmed the cotton in the picking process.The government also neglected the sector in machinery as well forcing it to operate on obsolete machinery which hinders the efficient production process. R;D is also very minimal due to which we lack innovation. Demand Conditions Local demand holds significance in the process of competitiveness. A sophisticated local demand forces the firms to develop better solutions to consumer problems. On the other hand, global demand does not have a significant impact on fostering innovation and making a firm competitive in the international market. In the garment industry, the major chunk of demand omes from public sector institutions. In that, household generates the greatest share of demand. But unfortunately, this local garment generated demand is very small and insignificant as compared to the international demand. The country’s ready-made garment industry came into its own during the 1970s, and has taken an export stance since that time. Garments export has increased by about 92%, and made-ups, including bedding, increased by about 125% from 2000/01 to 2007/08. These figures once again confirm that Pakistan is increasing its textile exports, particularly in value added products.According to one estimate 70 percent of these units are in the unorganized sector, producing cotton-made articles. These units do not have modern machinery and use the non-mill made cotton cloth. This may be one of the reasons that the price we fetch for our apparel exports is low compared to other countries. The garment industries start their work upon getting orders from abroad. The final product, after completion is transported to the desired destination. The rejected pieces from these orders are sold locally in places like Zainab Market.People who belong to upper class and upper middle class are reluctant to buy these shirts as they are the rejected products from abroad or they are afraid that buying clothes from such places might make them social outcast as these are the places from where lower middle class and lower class shop for their clothes. Sportswear for the fifa world cup 2010 is exported from Pakistan but people couldn’t buy them locally. Due to the low quality of cotton that we produce, Pakistan has an image of low priced commodity seller in the international market.Neither the local demand is sophisticated nor does the international market demand us of high quality product causing no pressure to innovate. Avais Mazhar Hussain, the CEO of Angora Tex ­tiles, gave a presentation at NIPA to government policy makers on the state of garment industry. Discussing Pakistan’s industry weaknesses, he said, â€Å"We cater to the low end of the global market because of skill deficiencies in manufacturing and design, furthermore, we have to contend with poor country image. It’s a desperate situation. The weakest link in our value chain is dyeing and fabric processing.You can’t find a single dyeing technician/Chemist in Pakistan who can dye polyester and spandex (Lycra) satisfactorily. We have better equipment than China and India. Gar ­ment technology is a proper sci ­ence. India produces industrial scientists in fifteen months flat since they have schools that offer industrial training. In Pak ­istan, totally clueless people are leading the factories fabric processing facilities. Some of our technicians do not even know how to use hydrogen peroxide. One of the expats, a Spanish gentleman, conducted a study in our factory for me, only 48% of the garments being produced were first time right. 2% is a high rejection rate. † Strategy, structure rivalry Structure and nature of the industry is of the monopolistic competition model that we study in micro economics, which implies that there is competition but mainly on the cost cutting side and no one competitor can manipulate the prices of the export. Spinning has always been the major focus of the stakeholders in the textile industry. A major portion of good quality yarn is exported rather than being used in the local industry for value addition and transformation into garments of fabric.This is a structural weakness of our textile industry. Countries like Japan and China import this yarn from us, and are well-flourished have converted their textile industry into high value-added products and it fetches much higher prices in the international market. These countries do not grow cotton, but they have well-established textile industry because they have invested in modern manufacturing technology as well as in qualified and well-trained work force. Their efficient methods of production have enabled them to overcome the handicap of imported yarn. Whereas in Pakistan, textile industry continues to suffer due to lack of investment, and well qualified work force, despite having the advantage of cotton and labor. Countries like Japan China import almost 60 percent of Pakistani yarn. This implies that the organized mill sector has made a shift towards spinning and there was neglection seen in the efforts to develop or modernize the weaving sector. More than 80 percent of our cloth is produced in the non-mill sector and this decline of fabric production in mill is compensated by the production in the non-mill sector.But the problem with this non-mill sector is they have low technology power looms in their units, which mostly produce narrow width poor quality greigh fabrics, which is sold at a lower price. As far as the garment production in Pakistan is concerned, the highest value-added product among the textile group, but the price we are getting for our products is less compared to other countries. According to one estimate 70 p ercent of these units are in the unorganized sector, producing cotton-made articles. These units do not have modern machinery and use the non-mill made cotton cloth.This may be one of the reasons that the price we fetch for our apparel exports is low compared to other countries. There has been a change in the world trade, i. e. the shift in favor of clothing. In fact clothing exports have now become the highest growth sector in world trade, exceeding the value of textile exports. So Pakistan also needs to focus more on the garment exports to increase its world share and foreign reserves. The content of man-made/ or synthetic fibres in the textile products of Pakistan is marginal only 11 percent, which compared to the North East Asian competitors is very low.Their textile products contain synthetic fibres in a very large quantity e. g. in Korean products, it is more than 70 percent. As mentioned earlier, the comparative advantage in textiles and clothing has been declining for the industrial countries and rising for the developing countries as a group. But at the same time, countries which are industrial do have a much stronger comparative advantage in capital-intensive synthetic fibres than the developing countries. World demand for these fibres is increasing at a very fast pace as they impact upon the durability of the product. China has a strong cotton-base, but at the same time use of synthetic fibers is also increasing. Domestic garments apparel industry especially the knitwear segment is characterized by heavy presence of Vertically Integrated Units (VIUs). Since each process stage in the value chain of the final product effects the achieved cost, quality and hence price of the garment; therefore while discussing the structure of the garment industry it is important that we take into account available infrastructure at all of these processes.Pakistan’s apparel industry comprises of approximately 700 vertically integrated units in the knitwear sector, whereas very few integrated woven garment-manufacturing units are present. There are additionally 670 finishing units both for the woven and knit fabrics. Approximately, there are 4,000 garment units, knit and woven garments and made-ups with 160,000 industrial and 450,000 domestic sewing machines. Most of these are small units which have less than 30 stitching machines. The industry is characterized by majority of the manufacturing units located in few marked cities.Major concentration of industry is in Karachi and Lahore. Other hubs are Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Quetta, Rawalpindi and Sialkot. Market trend ; related industries The major relation comes directly from the spinning segment, and the main component of the spinning segment, i. e. cotton has the main connection with the agricultural industry of Pakistan. Other than that the wastage of the garments industry are usually recycled and other products, e. g. blankets can be made out of that wastage. Our readymade garments market focus is on the limited quota market of EU ; USA.Even with quota protection, Pakistan’s exporters have restricted themselves to only a few product categories with poor quota utilization performance in the majority of the categories. Pakistan has been given quota allocations in various product categories to USA. However if we look at overall performance we find out that our industry has been locked mainly into Men’s Clothing-Knit and Woven. The rest of the guaranteed market continues to under-perform. Marketing and Technology are two key areas of concern, which need to be concentrated upon to upgrade the competitiveness the overall industry.Marketing is one of the weakest areas where great emphasis needs to be made. Demand in the ready-made garments sector is cyclic. Manufacturers and exporters have concentrated their efforts in selling to a few buyers in European and the US markets, resulting in stiff in-house competition. Apart from a few well established manufacturers, smaller units face serious difficulty in exporting directly to the foreign buyers. In mid 1980s Pakistan used to be a preferred supplier for buyers in the American, Japanese and European Markets. Pakistani products were superior in quality and were competitively priced. However the edge was lost as the industry refused to evolve with changing market realities. The initial good quality reputation with foreign buyers was also lost by the unscrupulous activities of the industry itself, it should not be difficult to regain buyers’ trust by offering consistency and reliability. As the clothing industry becomes more attuned to operating quick response systems and as consumers’ interest in new fabrics and finishes grows, it is likely that the textile industry will become more of a limiting factor within the overall supply chain and therefore will require a prime focus for technology and service development.As more new development in technology comes in more products with better quality and variety could be made. The growing number of new styles and collections required each year demands shorter lead times from design to sample, through manufacturing and delivery requires technology. The Pakistani ready-made garment sector however is marred by very high process losses at every stage of garment manufacturing. One of the major reasons why the local manufacturers have not yet been able to reduce losses is the lack of preference for specialized units. The industry has long been on the bandwagon of Vertically Integrated Units. The need is to make the manufacturers understand the relationship between process efficiencies, labor productivity and the cost of product. Perspective of a local Garments Importer, Exporter and Distributor For the purpose of empirical research and to get firsthand knowledge of the industry we visited BABRI IMPEX; here is an abstract of the discussion we had with its Managing Director, Mr. Zahid Aslam Khan The Garment Lifecycle:As we moved through the production process we could see the raw materials being used, labor intake, the recycling of the wastage and the safety precautions being implemented. The production process itself is quite a dense phase therefore it is categorized into three major parts out of which the first and the foremost is the cutting of clothes into pieces as per the design of the end product or they may also fabricate it but the firm we visited provides yarn to another company that in t urn supplies them with the cloth. Second is the printing done on the cloth and in the third stage these pieces are stitched together to give the final shape.Every process is very critical and is conducted with great care and precaution as various chemicals and machinery are being used to achieve the desired goal. Q/A: When we inquired about the chemicals being used he told us that they import them as prescribed by the customer. Their comments on Organic chemicals was that, â€Å"yes people are shifting towards organic chemicals to some extent but to talk in general it’s still a spoken fad because there is absolutely no way to judge whether organic chemicals are used or not after the dying and washing has been done. In addition to chemicals we inquired about the machines they were using and this was where we came to know about their RD efforts. The machines they import are not just for their personal use but they also supply them to domestic users. Previously they used to import machines from Germany and US but now due to low prices, China is preferred. Moreover they were the first to adapt to modern semi automatic machines for screen printing but to use them they had to train their employees and as they said most of the people using these machines have got the machines and the approp riate training from them.He also mentioned that due to their experience and knowledge of the machines they could print 21000 shirts at a time from the same machine that others in Pakistan can only use to print 3000 shirts at a time which indeed makes them unique from others. We also inquired as to why machines were not used to cut the cloth during the initial process to which they said that it is difficult to cut the cloth for knitting with machines because of the stretchable nature of the material however when we talk about the weaving process its highly recommendable to use machinery.He also added that cutting was a very crucial part in the garments process and it distinguishes good from the best, this is where Bangladesh and India have a strong advantage. The little amount of waste that does arise from the cutting process is recycled to form blankets, etc and to give an example he mentioned that those blankets are used by the NATO forces are in fact made from this waste. He also said that Pakistan is the quickest when it comes to turn around time which is the overall time of the production process.As mentioned earlier that the entire working of production is done under great protection. So let’s now talk about the precautions they take in the production process. Due to the changing weather conditions it is important that the same yarn be used for a specific consignment otherwise the end products may have differences. He also talked about the safety precautions most of which are difficult to implement as the labor is sometimes not trained to use them or they just don’t feel the need of using them. When we queried them about the labor, they said that the whole production process is labor intensive.Talking about the salary, average wage is 10,000 Rs. Therefore the labor is sometimes referred to as cheap and unskilled but they find it cost effective because the people come to them without much education or training and what they take from here is experience and a fair amount of income. BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS OF THE GARMENTS SECTOR Benchmarking is the process of identifying and adapting outstanding practices from Organizations and companies around the world to assist an organization or company in measuring and improving its performance.A thorough understanding and knowledge of best practices in the relevant areas is the basis of a successful benchmarking exercise. It took years and years of une nding research to come up with a system of metrics and quartile- not to forget a detailed understanding of best practices in the Garment industry that too aided in coming up with a system as comprehensive as this one. Top ranking factories in the world, are those that get an overall benchmarking score in the top quartile while those in the fourth quartile are considered poor organizations, giving low class performances.Likewise factories whose scores put them in the second and third quartiles are medium-high performers and medium-low performers. Research and studies were conducted over a time period of two to three years and the following results were reached: BENCHMARKING PARAMETERS Following are the agreed benchmarking parameters from the respective technical Fields: Dyeing/Finishing, Knitting Laundering 1. Productivity 2. Work Method 3. Technological Strength 4. Time Line 5. Maintenance 6. Quality 7. House Keeping 8. Workers Conditions 9. Presence of Analytical Culture 10. Training 11.Product Development Sewing, Industrial Engineering Maintenance 1. Production per machine per shift 2. Marker efficiency 3. Defects percentage 4. B-Quality 5. Production moving system 6. Standard minute value 7. through put time 8. on time delivery 9. Turnover 10. Absenteeism 11. Direct to indirect ratio 12. Safety House keeping 13. Preventive maintenance 14. Machine per technician 15. Spare part control 16. Numbering system to Machine 17. Machine attachment control Poor Practices [pic] [pic] Compliance Issues Finishing hall and HousekeepingHousekeeping Issue Line Balancing Maintenance Overstocking Compliance Improper utilization of electricity Overcrowding Good Practices Effective use of lighting Passage way mark Storage bins for spare part Tool handling (maintenance) Drainage line Covered and Clean Floor Written Instructions GOOD PRACTICES/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT The Textile sector of Pakistan has seen some foremost changes from the year 2005 (onwards).Like any other business in the world, this industry too requires the servers to be better and faster than their competitors in order to serve their consumers and make a better name in the market by staying ahead of others. Some countries experience a boom while others go through a fall in this race. In case of Pakistan, we consider India, Bangladesh and China to be our direct competitors, so any result of Pakistan will always be directly compared with the three- which is not very good for the country’s image as we are lacking far behind our competitors.Just to quote a report : During the period 1990-2001 the growth in garment exports achieved by Pakistan was only 110% as compared to 160%, 278% and 750% achieved by India, China and Bangladesh respectively. Pakistan’s clothing exports make up to 1 per-cent in the international market, compare this to India which is twice as much and China which is sixteen times ahead of us. Pakistan’s readymade garments sector is a mixture of good and bad results : A certain amount of growth has been witnessed in the denim sector, on the contrary the knitwear sector has done a poor job.It is said there are a number of reasons behind this bad performance in the market- some among them are higher utility costs and neighboring countries giving subsidies to their products. But if we notice all these causes are beyond a manufacturer’s control. This study focuses on the internal factors that we can work on to improve Pakistan’s Textile industry’s standing in the International market. All the aspects have been brought down under the following three categories: 1. Factor Driven aspects 2. Efficiency Driven aspects 3. Innovation Driven aspects FACTOR DRIVEN ASPECTS 1. Plant LayoutA plant layout of any factory/organization reflects on its performance and level of efficiency. It was observed that majority of factories in Pakistan are void of substantial plant layouts. There are many adverse effects of such an inefficiency- to begin with you get undesirable working conditions which lead to constant augmenting of the costs. The plant layout is one of the key phase of the manufacturing cycle thus ample importance should be given to it. It is a must for all the companies to analyze the process flows, time frames, motion, bottlenecks, speedy/slow workers, passage ways, etc. 2. Lighting ConditionsOne of the smart ways of reducing manufacturing costs is to utilize the natural day light effectively. Therefore recipients should formulate a lighting plan whereby they make sure they reduce the utility costs by utilizing the natural free light available all day. Moreover, it was also observed that the in-house lighting systems of many factories was below satisfactory level- such irresponsible lighting conditions will obviously result in disappointing products especially in the cases of sewing operators and quality controller who then provide highly defected material in the market.. The tube lights should be according to the tandards. Offices should be well quipped with energy savers to save as much light as possible. 3. Working Environment It is only natural and a part of human nature to produce better results if an environments is clean and suitable to the functions that are needed to be carried out. If the basic environmental needs are not taken care of, the workers will be agitated and will not be in a position to deliver best of their performances. This happens because the concentration of the workers is then diverted and their comfort is not taken care of- thus low productivity and quality of products produced.All the big corporations of the world (regardless of what industry are they associated with) take good care of their working conditions and the basic needs of their workers. However, our study showed poor results in this regard, only a handful of industries have an inclination towards such aspects and majority of them are neglectful towards the working conditions being provided to the workers. If Pakistan wants to improve its stand in the global market, it will have to give substantia l importance to the working conditions being provided to the orkers so that they may work in environments that fosters productivity and better quality. 4. Workstation Layout A better work is produced if the operator feels better. Our study reflects that only two of the corporations have a satisfactory workstation layout whereby the operator was fine with the workstations. The uncomfortable workstations cause pain, numbness, or tingling in the shoulders, neck, back and hands, eventually affecting the productivity of sewing machine operators. These symptoms are related to the job/workstation for instance.An uncomfortable work position: Sewing work forces you to hold your body in one position for long periods. If it is an uncomfortable position, pain and injury can result. Your position is determined by the fit of your chair and foot control, your need to see the work, and your need to grasp or hold materials in place. Repeated or forceful motions Reaching, stitching, pinching, pulling†¦ hundreds of times a day. Each motion can cause small injuries to muscles and joints. Long work hours and few breaks mean less time for muscles and joint injuries to heal. Hard edges: If the edge of your chair, worktable or table legs press into your body for long periods, it can damage nerves or other soft body parts. We can achieve better efficiency and high productivity quality by conducting Ergonomic studies and consequently providing the good efficient workstation to Operators: Use adjustable chairs: Employers should get durable industrial chair that have Adjustable seat height, padded seats, swivel bases with five legs (not four) and Padded adjustable backrest. Use foot supports: Foot supports are an important part of the seated workstation.Employers may need a mechanic to adjust, install, or build up foot support in the Right position for each worker (height, forward/back and left/right). Adjust your equipment to fit your body: Every operator should adjust their Equipment according to its body ergonomics for better productivity and also to EFFICIENCY DRIVEN ASPECTS 5. Capacity Building Only installing automation and the latest machinery hardwa re does not guarantee Productivity improvement, but training has its own importance for improvement Even with existing infrastructure.Therefore, the basic recommendation for Improving the overall performance of the garment industry is to implement training /capacity building programs (especially focusing the soft skills) for: Management: Top managerial personnel should be trained both at company Premises and at the international business schools in administration, finance, Marketing and production. Technical Management: Technical managers receive training almost exclusively from textile institutes/colleges. In plant arrangements for training of technical personnel are required in the modern scientific management control methods.Supervision: In the vast majority of textile mills, supervisors receive no formal training whatsoever. Arrangements for training of supervisors should be provided. Workers: Formal training programmers for the training of workers inside the mills are generally non-existent. Workers are accustomed to low quality and low productivity in general. These habits can be changed only by training so that workers develop the habit of obtaining guidance and assistance of qualified professionals. Management usually invests on machinery, but the people who run that machinery are the most important to be trained to make them understand about the machinery: operation and routine maintenance. This would improve the reliability and efficiency of the machine and operator as well. The highest priority is to train middle management such as line supervisors and industrial engineering personnel. As garment industry is a labor intensive industry and labor wage directly impact the total cost of the business, therefore the middle management have the greatest effect on the efficiency of the plant. 6. Performance MeasurementPerformance measurement is evaluating how well organizations are managed and the value they deliver for customers and other stakeholders. It is the process of assessing progress toward achieving predetermined goals, including information on the efficiency with which resources are transformed into goods and services (outputs), the quality of those outputs (how well they a re delivered to clients and the extent to which clients are satisfied) and outcomes (the results of a program activity compared to its intended purpose), and the effectiveness of operations in terms of their specific contributions to program objectives. The garment industry should adopt performance management system in their organizations in order to measure and evaluate their performance and take corrective measures accordingly. An effective approach to performance management enables employees and teams to understand the goals of the organization and to see how individual and team outputs contribute to the achievement of organizational objectives and values. Integrating people, planning and performance with organizational objectives develops individual and organizational capability and leads to higher performance.The performance appraisal process articulates the standards of work expected of employees and the values and behaviors employees are expected to uphold in meeting their job requirements, communicating and working with others. Performance management leads to higher performance that is more closely directed to the objectives and needs of the organization. Performance appraisal and feedback assist employees to understand what work they do well and how they can improve their performance. Suggested techniques to utilize are climate survey, 360 ° evaluation, and productivity Diagnosis, etc. 7. Industrial Engineering DepartmentIndustrial Engineering techniques are very helpful in any organization for increasing its productivity and quality. The garment sector in Sri Lanka, India, China, and other competitive countries employ IE techniques to make their processes and workers more productive. IE techniques are helpful in addressing estimating lead times, no. of workers, working / operating time, costing, process designs, process flows, line balancing, best methods to produce, etc. In Pakistan, the industrialists are realizing the importance of IE and making their efforts to establish IE departments within their ompanies. Only few companies are successful in this regard, but still unable to tap the full potential of IE. Therefore, it is proposed to establish and/or strengthen industrial engineering departments in the companies and in plant arrangements for the training of technical personnel are required in order to implement the IE techniques more effectively. Moreover, master trainers on IE should be developed from foreign institutions. Suggested techniques to implement are work study, method study and value stream mapping. 8. Supply Chain ManagementSupply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and Controlling the operations of the supply chain as efficiently as possible. Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point-of-origin to point-of-consumption. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. It is all about having the right product in the right place, at the right price, at the right time and in the right condition.We can also use the concept of Quick Response in order to understand the supply chain management. The quick response strategy is to linking manufacturer, supplier and retailer with each other and cooperates effectively in order to reduce the lead time of the production. Generally, many manufacturers, suppliers and retailers are struggling to use information technology for adopting quick response strategy and to streamline their supply chain. At present, some textile enterprises use quick Garment Sector response system to be the leaders and to have a competitive advantage over their competitors.The textile and garment industry in Pakistan should have to adopt effective supply chain management systems in order to face the challenges of global Competitiveness. They have to be quick in their responses and even quicker to meet the increasing demands / trends of th e customers. They have to streamline their supply chain to timely process the production orders of their customers. They have to think of the lead time to export, for example which is 5 days in Denmark and 25 days in Sri Lanka as compared to 33 days in Pakistan (refer to page 11). They have to work on reducing the lead time along with their takeholders including the government. They have to benchmark other countries in order to be competitive in this arena. 9. Inventory Management Systems Missing of the raw material is also the major cause of high cost. It is observed that in many factories there is no proper system for controlling the inventory. Due to which raw materials are lost about 5% in every month particularly small items such as label, snap, zipper, etc. Moreover many errors and omission were observed in the records for stock, which is undesirable (a crime) in any industry.Efforts are required to be put on revamping and adopting an effective and efficient inventory management system based on the new tools and techniques prevalent especially in the garment sector. This can also be rectified by hiring of consultants on inventory management systems. Suggested techniques to improve are to implement Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Material Resource Planning (MRP) programs. 10. Inefficient Storage Storage is an integral part of any industry. It is the place where we place / store items for certain period of time and use on when and where necessary basis.The inventory on the other hand is the list / register of those items. Mostly in the Pakistani garment factories, the people do not have the knowhow of how to store the items. They do not have the proper concept of inventory management; instead they are just maintaining registers. Inventory levels are not defined and sometimes they have to wait for the item to be purchased from the market. Similarly, the placing of items is also not proper, and if one has to find a certain item, he / she has to spend time in searching for that particular item.Also, in many companies we find things that probably should not be in the store or not required / needed (for example old fabric, old accessories machines, raw material, finished goods, etc. ), thus incurring extra cost. It is required to improve the storage designs keeping in mind the first in first out (FIFO) rule, space utilization, identification traceability, ease of search access and handling of items. It is also required to put due emphasis on stores, which is a neglected department in almost every factory. It is also important to dispose off the items that are not necessary in order to effectively utilize the money.Some of the factories are also facing the problem of insufficient space for storage, which may be addressed by hiring extra storage space (where needed). 11. Shortage of Raw Material This problem is linked with the material handling system or the inventory management system. This is also the result of poor supply chain management system. Addressing these issues would solve the problem of shortage of raw material. 12. Fabric Utilization Many garment businesses misunderstand that labour cost is the most important item to control cost and do not concentrate to control cost of raw material in Particular fabric.This kind of thinking can lead them to high cost, therefore, the Management should have to implement fabric utilization project by using computer program, hire consultant, training employee, and establish fabric utilization. 13. Quality Management Mostly top management has concerns on quality; and the emphasis is on quality control staff of customers and strong inspection control of the production lines and the finished goods. But this is not the end; today the concept of quality is more challenging and demanding. It requires a lot more effort than in the past days.It requires implementing different standards such as WRAP, ISO 9000, ISO 14000, SA 8000, OHSAS, etc. in order to be competitive in the global market. It also requires the modern concepts of TQM and Kaizen Management in order to improve continuously apart from observing the standards. Adoption of an Integrated Management System is necessary in this context. It needs strong management commitment and dedication of the staff to achieve quality; quality workforce, quality skills, quality environment, quality team management, quality leadership, quality documentation, quality control, etc. All this can be achieved through training of existing personnel, Master Trainers/consultants, strong and focused planning and a visionary committed Leadership. INNOVATION DRIVEN ASPECTS 14. Technology Development Technology development is another aspect of competitive advantage among the Companies. Most of the companies in the dyeing garment sector do not support technology development and their process designs are weak or less productive than their competitors in the global market.Some of the large companies have invested a lot of money to recruit experienced people and consultants to develop their process designs, including the usage of computer software and high tech machines like Garment Gerber Technology (GGT) and computerize hanger system in garment sector, automatic chemical dozing computerize sampling in dyeing. The result is that they are surviving in the global markets. Our garment industry, at large should focus on their RD capabilities and activities in order to develo p their technology and to be competitive. 15. Brand ManagementMost of the companies have not created their own brand which present the Companies face to the market. So a consideration as a business strategy for future is to start creating a permanent own brand and to try selling the products with it to the existing buyers at a so-called advertisement price which means no commercial price just to develop it. CONCLUSION We have tried to highlight some of the direst needs in this research. Factories have an immense potential to increase productivity and efficiently use resources applied to basic techniques. Industrial engineering, production engineering, systems and controls and ther modern management concepts are of the highest priority as basic things like having the right attitude and suitable climate can improve the productivity up to 20- 25%. Training and professional development to implement such programs are needed. Compared to international standards we have a low training budget and few training programs, which are not based on scientific training principles. Staffing levels are generally too high, which results from poor practices as well as insufficient training. Often factories have no separate training budgets and no defined training program.It is easy to assume that employees will learn necessary skills while doing their jobs over time. These poor training methods are detrimental to productivity. Training is the single most effective strategy as well as the lowest cost strategy to increase productivity and quality. It deals with professional development, weaknesses in production controls, industrial engineering and organization of work. To achieve maximum flexibility, productivity, and quality, training of production personnel, particularly middle management and supervisors is essential and programs and production controls should specifically cater to this need.Professional development systems should focus on training personnel who have many years of practical experience have very little theoretical background. This can help reduce manufacturing costs and help introduce new procedures for production, quality control, planning, and information systems. This shows that investments in people, systems and equipment have large returns and so has significant implications for top management.The demand for different types of skills for example operational, technical, and managerial skills in the industry will continue to grow, as will demand for workers with practical skills. A workforce that is skilled in technical and management arenas will be the best one. If the long term requirements for education, training, and devel opment are met efficiently they will surely yield enormous benefits. REFERENCES: The Global Textile and Garments Industry by Infodev Publications Garments and made ups report by SMEDA Pride. org. pk Prgmea. org. pk How to cite Garments Industry Pakistan Cometitiveness, Papers

Starbucks-Going Global Fast free essay sample

A – Summary: This case was prepared in 2002, therefore, numbers and references also used at the time of the preparation. Starbucks is one of the largest chains of coffee shops in the world. Their business first started in the early 80s on Sixth Avenue and Pine Street in downtown Seattle as a tiny chain coffee shop. Then, they grew up rapidly in the 90s and spread out 5,689 outlets within 28 countries in 2002. Being very well managed by a well seasoned management team which is known as H2O from the combination of 3 names: Howard Schultz (Chairman and Chief Global Strategist), Howard Behar (Head of North American Operations) and Orion Smith (CEO), this first chain of Starbucks was successfully popular on that time. Since it went public in 1991, the company has expanded colossally. But it also encountered many problems. It was faced with the problem that it had mounted in home and abroad. The period of the Starbucks’ success was the baby boomers in the 90s, but now it change. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks-Going Global Fast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Generation X is different with before, now does not like the environment of the shop, in addition of the young generation feel out of place in the coffee shop. Once of their causes is also the price of coffee seems to be little expensive to them. Being with not much competition likes Mc Donald’s at that time, but they also faced with the competitors such as Tully’s coffee shop. Besides, they also faced with employees’ discontentment. The expensive and aggressive marketing strategy has given Starbucks market dominancy. In account of their earning $181. million in the year 2000, although sales was still growing, but it started grow in a decreasing rate. The problem is their aggressive strategy and attitude towards competitors. They not only grew rivalry with local business people but also starting lost customers. And it became so difficult to them to maintain their growth of 20% only on domestic market. Therefore, they decided to spread out overseas. The larges t overseas market of Starbucks was Japan within 368 shops. Then, UK was their second biggest overseas market within 310 stores. By the end of 2001, they started gain the new market in the Middle East. Their target is having 10,000 outlets abroad by the next 3 years. Simultaneously, they still repositioned their domestic market by adding new service, such as internet, fast food and so on. However, their largest overseas market, Japan has started be decline during 2001. Therefore, Starbucks need to readjust their strategies as well as reposition themselves to recovery and rise up their turnover from the fall. B – Discuss questions: Q1 – Identify the controllable and uncontrollable elements that Starbucks has encountered in entering global markets. These controllable elements are identified through the state of which country. First of all, price in Italian coffee bars prosper by serving food as well as coffee, which is an area where Starbucks struggles. Moreover, Italian coffee is cheaper than. Americans pay around $1. 5 for an espresso while it’s just 67 cents of price in northern Italia and 55 cents in the southern. On the other hand, Starbucks faced with uncontrollable elements with Japan, France and Vienna. There was competition among rival shops in Japan as well as economic depression. In addition, in France, they met up with the political and legal bindings because of France’s arcane regulations and generous labor benefits. Besides, In Vienna, culture is the element which was bringing positive advantages in expanding their business compared to existing coffee shops here. The cause is young people are always enthusiastic about new and easily embrace the new. Q2 – What are the major sources of risk facing the company? Discuss potential solutions. Starbucks faced with 3 major risks at domestic region. One risk is the saturation of the USA market condition. They started with just 17 coffee shops in Seattle 15 years ago but now increase amazingly to the number of 4,247 stores scattered across US and Canada. Then, it brings Starbucks consideration of the upper limit carefully in this market as a result. Another risk is starting losing customers. The major cause is customers have limited available options which satisfy their huge complex changing requirements. The last risk is less but not least with the feeling comfortable for young generation (X). In after all, global expansion poses huge risks for Starbucks which makes less money on their overseas market because most of them are operated with local partners. Based on the risks which Starbucks faced above, there are some suggestion may help to identify the potential solution for this case: With the 1st risk, the saturation market can be overcome by focusing on international or global marketing. Focusing on increase quality of service and quality of coffee may help prevent this risk. It seems easier to prevent the 2nd risk by increase more add-on service as well as more options, include multiple choices or mixture choices for customers. As they was facing with ominously hostile reception from its future consumer (generation X), a repositioning their coffee shops’ environmental strategy or pricing strategy by promotional event such as discount for ages, or saving Starbucks’ credit to gain the new promotional award (discount or add-on products) may help to keep this market attention. Q3 – Critique Starbucks’ overall corporate strategy. There are mismatch between their corporate strategies and the customers’ expectation. One of their strategies, the believe that the more outlets, the more sales, they tried to increase the number of their outlets but not increase customers’ satisfaction within their product and service. Another mismatch is the no differential pricing for generation x or younger generation while their target customers are baby boomer generation. Next, although Starbucks was fully control its business in USA, but it had any related control outside the USA which leads the dependence on the franchises’ undermines the strength of is outside. In addition, become a global brand but Starbucks’ budget for its business management was low compared with its status. Starbuck spent just only 1% of its revenue as advertisement, whereas most of the similar companies’ size spent at least 10% revenue. Furthermore, they have focused on the product concept which narrowed the attitude in marketing strategy. Besides, dissatisfied attitudes from employees for their salary within their work load cause affecting sterling service and even the coffee itself. One more of important thing are the understanding differences between various cultural and ethnic affairs, such as Muslim dominated regions. Q4 – How might Starbucks improve profitability in Japan? According to the present cultural trend in Japan, younger generation is habit spending their time in a constructive manner. In order to increase the profitability in Japan, they should reposition their product and service to fit with the Japanese culture, especially the young generation. One more hing is Japanese are less conscious about the price, so they may consider about their pricing strategy because the culture in work, Japanese have very less time for their leisure. One of the problems of Starbucks in Japan is from the local competitors which are providing the same fare. Then, Starbucks’ market share can be easily eaten up by local brands. So, pricing strategy should be considered overall carefully. Besides, US also work busy, therefore, Starbucks can introduce the US style online system be part of Japan style, so that it can provide more convenient for Japanese customers. Finally, Japanese youth usually lead the new fashion of their own style, so they will be attracted if Starbuck create the new style for them on their advertisement or bring the new culture, new interesting cultural campaign or entertainment campaign. In times of recessive economic, extra and colorful activities are necessary to boost up their sales. More and more flexible option service as well as increasing convenient will be helpful for improve profitability in Japan.

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes

Measuring and Understanding Wood Volumes Measuring wood is part science, part art; you use many different units, you face many potential problems. The below  quote from  Converting Factors for Southern Pine Products, Williams and Hopkins, USDA, 1968 illustrates how confusing measuring and converting wood volumes can be. Measuring and estimating wood volume is not for the faint of heart. Theoretically, one cubic foot (of wood volume) contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a conventional figure for approximations. When the conversion applies to trees, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied. When marketing your timber you must either know how to measure forest products or get someone to do it for you. At best you can be very confused when talking to a wood buyer; at worst you can lose a significant portion of the value of your wood. To make the situation even more problematic, some buyers use this ignorance of volumes to trick  the seller. They have every opportunity to do so and a few use this to their financial advantage. Knowing tree measuring units is very complicated and even foresters have a hard time when talking volumes. Three hundred dollar per thousand logs using Doyle log rule is not the same as three hundred dollars per thousand logs using Scribner log rule. Most mensurationists and foresters would agree that there is an advantage to weighing wood and weight is the measurement of choice. In the real world, however, it is impractical to totally convert to weight. A history of wrestling with the problem  of measuring logs  to determine how much usable product might be manufactured from them created numerous measuring units. These units are self-perpetuating because of many factors including foreign trade, standing timber volume, accepted taxing units, regional custom, buying and selling advantages. The Pulpwood Measurement The standard measurement unit for wood used for paper and fuel is the  cord. This is a stack of wood 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft. containing approximately 128 cubic feet of bark,  wood  and air space. Air space can actually be as high as 40 percent but usually averages 25 percent. You can see where weight can be advantageous here. Pulpwood purchases by weight are very common and weight per cord varies widely with species and geography. A hardwood pulpwood cord generally weighs between 5,400 pounds and 6,075 pounds. A pine pulpwood cord weighs between 4,700 pounds and 5,550 pounds. You really need to determine your local average weight by species when measuring cordwood. Purchasing mills or men who harvest pulpwood can give you wood weights for your area. The U.S. Forest Service or your  State Forester  also has a wealth of information on regional average weights. Pulpwood bought in the form of chips are  separate  issue and for another discussion. The Sawtimber Measurement A round log, generally, must be made into square or rectangular pieces to be able to determine wood volume and value. Three systems, or  log rules  and scales, have been developed to do just this. They are called the  Doyle rule, Scribner rule, and International rule. They were developed to estimate board foot mill tally, usually quoted as thousand board feet or MBF. Our problem when using these log rules or scales is that they will give you three different volumes for the same pile of logs. Measuring average sized logs - Doyle, Scribner, and International rules - will give volumes that may vary as much as 50%. This overrun is greatest using Doyle and the least using International. Buyers like to purchase using Doyle log rule while sellers like to sell using Scribner or International. There will always be a difference in volumes estimated from scaler to scaler. They get into trouble when decreasing  actual number  of measurements and start estimating; they measure at inappropriate points on the log, miss estimate roundness, and dont deduct for  defect. Accurate scaling of trees and logs requires skill and experience. The Conversion Factor Mensurationists cringe at the word conversion factor. They correctly feel that conversion from one unit of measure to another unit of measure of wood is too imprecise to depend on. Their job is to be precise. But you have to have some way to estimate volumes and be able to cross over to differing units. You now have an idea of how complicated this volume issue can become. To add a conversion factor to volumes may distort actual volumes even more. Related Links Approximate Conversions of the Most Common Units of Wood Measure

Figure of Sound in Prose and Poetry

Figure of Sound in Prose and Poetry A figure of speech that relies primarily on the sound of a word or phrase (or the repetition of sounds) to convey a particular effect is known as a figure of sound. Although figures of sound are often found in poetry, they can also be used effectively in prose. Common figures of sound include alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, and rhyme. Examples and Observations: AlliterationA moist young moon hung above the mist of a neighboring meadow.(Vladimir Nabokov, Speak Memory: An Autobiography Revisited, 1966)AssonanceShips at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the same horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men.(Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God, 1937)ConsonanceThis earth is tough stuff, he said. Break a mans back, break a plow, break an oxs back for that matter.(David Anthony Durham, Gabriels Story. Doubleday, 2001)OnomatopoeiaFlora left Franklin’s side and went to the one-armed bandits spread along one whole side of the room. From where she stood it looked like a forest of arms yanking down levers. There was a continuous clack, clack, clack of levers, then a click, click, click of tumblers coming up. Following this was a metallic poof some times followed by the clatter of silver dollars coming down through the funnel to land with a happy smash in the coin receptacle at the bottom of the machine.(Rod Serling, The Fever. Stories From the Twilight Zone, 2013) RhymeA veritable fusillade of smells, compounded of the pungent odors of deep fat, sharks fin, sandalwood, and open drains, now bombarded our nostrils and we found ourselves in the thriving hamlet of Chinwangtao. Every sort of object imaginable was being offered by street hawkersbasketwork, noodles, poodles, hardware, leeches, breeches, peaches, watermelon seeds, roots, boots, flutes, coats, shoats, stoats, even early vintage phonograph records.(S.J. Perelman, Westward Ha! 1948)Figures of Sound in Poes ProseDuring the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country, and at length found myself, as the shades of evening drew on, within view of the melancholy House of Usher.(Edgar Allan Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher, 1839)Figures of Sound in Dylan Thomass ProseThere was no need, that holiday morning, for the sluggardly boys to be shouted down to breakfast; out of their jumbled beds they tumbled, and scrambled into their rumpled clothes; quickly at the bathroom basin they catlicked their hands and faces, but never forgot to run the water loud and long as though they washed like colliers; in front of the cracked looking-glass, bordered with cigarette cards, in their treasure-trove bedrooms, they whisked a gap-tooth comb through their surly hair; and with shining cheeks and noses and tidemarked necks, they took the stairs three at a time.But for all their scramble and scamper, clamour on the landing, catlick and toothbrush flick, hair-whisk and stair-jump, their sisters were always there before them. Up with the lady lark, they had prinked and frizzed and hot-ironed; and smug in their blossoming dresses, ribboned for the sun, in gym-shoes white as the blancod snow, neat and silly with doilies and tomatoes they helped in the higgledy kitchen. They were calm; they were virtuous; they had washed their necks; they did not romp, or fidget; and only the smallest sister put out her tongue at the noisy boys.(Dylan Thomas, Holiday Memory, 1946. Rpt. in The Collected Stories. New Directions, 1984) Figures of Sound in John Updikes Prose- Do you remember a fragrance girls acquire in autumn? As you walk beside them after school, they tighten their arms about their books and bend their heads forward to give a more flattering attention to your words, and in the little intimate area thus formed, carved into the clear air by an implicit crescent, there is a complex fragrance woven of tobacco, powder, lipstick, rinsed hair, and that perhaps imaginary and certainly elusive scent that wool, whether in the lapels of a jacket or the nap of a sweater, seems to yield when the cloudless fall sky like the blue bell of a vacuum lifts toward itself the glad exhalations of all things. This fragrance, so faint and flirtatious on those afternoon walks through the dry leaves, would be banked a thousandfold and lie heavy as the perfume of a flower shop on the dark slope of the stadium when, Friday nights, we played football in the city.(John Updike, In Football Season. The New Yorker, November 10, 1 962)- By rhyming, language calls attention to its own mechanical nature and relieves the represented reality of seriousness. In this sense, rhyme and allied irregularities like alliteration and assonance assert a magical control over things and constitute a spell. When children, in speaking, accidentally rhyme, they laugh, and add, Im a poet / And dont know it, as if to avert the consequences of a stumble into the supernatural. . . .Our mode is realism, realistic is synonymous with prosaic, and the prose writers duty is to suppress not only rhyme but any verbal accident that would mar the textual correspondence to the massive, onflowing impersonality that has supplanted the chiming heavens of the saint.(John Updike, Rhyming Max. Assorted Prose. Alfred A. Knopf, 1965) Poetic Functions of Language[English poet] Gerard Manley Hopkins, an outstanding searcher in the science of poetic language, defined verse as speech wholly or partially repeating the same figure of sound. Hopkins subsequent question, but is all verse poetry? can be definitely answered as soon as the poetic function ceases to be arbitrarily confined to the domain of poetry. Mnemonic lines cited by Hopkins (like Thirty days hath September), modern advertising jingles, and versified medieval laws, mentioned by Lotz, or finally Sanskrit scientific treatises in verse which in Indic tradition are strictly distinguished from true poetry (kavya)all these metrical texts make use of the poetic function without, however, assigning to this function the coercing, determining role it carries in poetry.(Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature. Harvard University Press, 1987)Word Play and Sound Play in a Poem by E.E. Cummingsapplaws)fellowsitisnts(a paw s(E.E. Cummings, Poem 26 in 1 X 1, 1944) The False Dichotomy Between Sound and SenseIn plain expository prose, such as this book is written in, says [literary critic G.S. Fraser], both writer and reader are consciously concerned not mainly with rhythm but with sense. This is a false dichotomy. The sounds of a poem connected by rhythm are indeed the living body of thought. Take the sound as poetry and there is no further stage of interpretation into poetry. Just the same is true of periodic prose: the rhythm of the period organizes sound into a unit of sense.My criticism of the logical tradition in grammar is just that stress, pitch, attitude, emotion are not suprasegmental matters added to the basic logic or syntax but other glimpses of a linguistic whole which includes grammar as usually understood. . . . I accept the now unfashionable view of all the old grammarians that prosody is a necessary part of grammar. . . .Figures of thought like understatement or emphasis are no more and no less expressed in sound than anything else.(Ian Robinson, The Establishment of Modern English Prose in the Reformation and the Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Figures of Sound in 16th-Century Prose- Suspicion that an inordinate attraction to figures of sound was likely to tyrannise a writers style, that the claims of the ear threatened to dominate those of the mind, has always dogged analysis of Tudor prose, especially in the case of [John] Lyly. Francis Bacon indicted [Roger] Ascham and his followers for precisely this failing: for men began to hunt more after words than matter; more after the choiceness of the phrase, and the round and clean composition of the sentence, and the sweet falling of the clauses, and the varying and illustration of their works with tropes and figures, than after the weight of the matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of judgment [The Advancement of Learning].(Russ McDonald, Compar or Parison: Measure for Measure. Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, Gavin Alexander, and Katrin Ettenhuber. Cambridge University Press, 2007)- Shall my good will be the cause of his ill will? Because I was content to be his friend, thought he me meet to be made his fool? I see now that as the fish scolopidus in the flood Araris at the waxing of the moon is as white as the driven snow, and at the waning as black as the burnt coal, so Euphues, which at the first increasing of our familiarity was very zealous, is now at the last cast become most faithless.(John Lyly, Euphues: the Anatomy of Wit, 1578) See also: 10 Titillating Types of Sound Effects in LanguageEuphonyEuphuismExercise in Identifying Sound Effects in Poetry and ProseFigures of SpeechHomoioteleutonHomophonesOronymProsodyReduplicativeRhythmSound Symbolism